Definition
Piracy (law of the sea) [Ro.: piraterie, Fr.: piraterie, Sp.: piratería, It.: pirateria, Gr.: πειρατία] = the action of one ship (or more) attacking another ship (or more) on the sea, with the purpose of stealing the latter`s goods. Those who commit piracy are called pirates. Sometimes, they even kill or take prisoners or sink the attacked ships. It used to be more frequent during the past centuries, but it`s present even nowadays in some areas of the globe. Piracy can also be committed on air planes or used by terrorist organisations.
~ aircraft hijacking [Ro.: deturnare de avion, Fr.: détournement d'avion, Sp.: piratería aérea, It.: dirottamento aereo, Gr.: αεροπειρατία] (See also: skyjacking, air piracy, aircraft piracy, air robbery) = a group of people taking control over an airplane, often with political motives, and making demands, usually to a state or institution. It is often considered an act of terrorism.
Useful Links
Legislation
https://legeaz.net/noul-cod-penal/art-235 - Romanian Criminal Code, Articles 235-237 [Romanian]
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Articles 101-103 [English]
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/369/pdfs/uksi_20160369_en.pdf - The Aviation Security and Piracy (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 2016 [English UK]
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1837/88/pdfs/ukpga_18370088_en.pdf - Piracy Act 1837 [English UK]
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1850/26/pdfs/ukpga_18500026_en.pdf - Piracy Act 1850 [English UK]
http://constitutionus.com/#a1s8c10 - Constitution of the U.S.A., Article 1, Section 8, Clause 10 [English USA]
http://codes.droit.org/CodV3/penal.pdf - French Criminal Code, Article 224-6 [French]
http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo10-1995.l2t24.html#c5 - Spanish Criminal Code [Spanish]
https://www.studiocataldi.it/normativa/codice-della-navigazione/artt-1088-1160.asp - Italian Navigation Code, Article 1135 [Italian]
Organisations and associations
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/index.htm - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm - United Nations Oceans and Law of the Sea
https://oneearthfuture.org/about - One Earth Future
http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/ - Oceans Beyond Piracy
https://www.interpol.int/en/Crime-areas/Maritime-piracy/Maritime-piracy - INTERPOL
https://www.icc-ccs.org/ - Commercial Crime Services, a specialised division of the International Chamber of Commerce
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/PiracyArmedRobbery/Pages/Default.aspx - International Maritime Organisation
https://www.seafarerswelfare.org/our-work/piracy - International Seafarers` Welfare and Assistance Network
Case law
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/43/210/ - United States Supreme Court, U.S. v. The Brig Malek Adhel, 1844
http://www.uniset.ca/other/cs5/LR5PC179.html - High Court of Justiciary (Scotland), Attorney General of Hong Kong v. Kwok-a-Sing, 1873
http://www.uniset.ca/other/cs5/1934AC586.html - High Court of Justiciary (Scotland), Privy Council, 1934
http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=153909&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=2364515 - E.U. Court of Justice, European Parliament v. Council of the European Union, 2014
https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2016:2762&keyword=15/03756 - Dutch Supreme Court, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:2762, 2016 (for an English short version, read here
Online publications
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=26819 - Elleman, B., A., Rosenberg, D., Forbes, A., Piracy and Maritime Crime: Historical and Modern Case Studies, 2010, Naval War College U.S. Press
https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/maritime-security/428/fight-against-piracy_en - European Union External Action, 2016
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3269105 - Fenton, A., J., Chapsos, I., Prosecuting Pirates: Maritime Piracy and Indonesian Law, 2018, Australian Journal of Asian Law
https://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Maritime-piracy/Maritime-piracy - Gottlieb, Y., Combating Maritime Piracy: Inter-Disciplinary Cooperation and Information Sharing, 2014, Case Western Journal of International Law
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=31416, Kraska, J., September 2009, Fresh Thinking for an Old Problem: Report of the Naval War College Workshop on Countering Maritime Piracy, Naval War College U.S.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=12005, Mason, R., C., December 13 2010, Piracy: A legal definition, Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=25088, O`Rourke, R., Blanchard, C., M., Blanchard, L., Piracy off the Horn of Africa, April 19 2010, CRS Report for Congress
Publications
Bogdan, S., 2014, Noul Cod Penal: analize, explicații, comentarii: perspectiva clujeană. Vol. 2: Partea speciala, București, Ed. Universul Juridic
Dubner, B., 1980, The Law of International Sea Piracy, Hague/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Kraska, J., 2011, Contemporary Maritime Piracy: international law, strategy, and diplomacy at sea, Santa Barbera, ABC-CLIO, LLC
By Oana Bahnean