Definition
Liability (Ro.: răspundere, Gr.: ευθύνη, Cz.: odpovědnost) (See also malpractice) = someone’s legal responsibility for the consequences of one of his/her actions or omissions;
The main types of liability are criminal and civil liability (the last divides into delictual liability and contractual liability).
Joint and several liability ~ = when two or more persons are responsible for the same action/omission. Presumed there is a previous agreement between them, the liability is binding on all members of the group (not necessarily proportional). The enforcing party can choose to hold responsible any member of the group or all of them together.
Vicarious ~ (răspundere indirectă) = someone’s legal responsibility for a third party’s harmful action. This type of responsibility arises when the responsible party has a particular legal relationship with the third party. For example, the responsibility of the employer for the actions of the employee due to the relation of subordination during the working program.
Useful links
Civil Liability
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/liability/pdf/civiliability_finalreport.pdf
http://www.lexisnexis.com.au/en-au/products/australian-civil-liability.page
Criminal Liability
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mstevens/293/293lect03.htm
http://www.lectlaw.com/mjl/cl047.htm
Vicarious liability in various law sistems from Europe
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_safe/serv_safe/liability/reportd_en.pdf
Online publications
http://www.juridicaljournal.univagora.ro/download/pdf/CIVIL-LIABILITY-INTERNAL-LAW.pdf - Olteanu, Bogdan, Civil liability in the internal law of the European Union member states
http://www.internationallawreview.eu/article/present-and-future-of-the-civil-liability - Kemelmajer, de Carlucci, Aida, Present and future of the civil liability
http://www.peterjepson.com/law/A2-2%20Jonathan%20Wight.htm
http://www.peterjepson.com/law/A2-2%20Jonathan%20Wight.htm - Wight, Jonathan, The imposition of strict liability in certain criminal offences is a necessary evil in the fight to protect the public from harm
http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=rutgersnewarklwps - Bergelson, Vera, Victims and Perpetrators, An Argument for Comparative Liability in Criminal Law
http://www.mondaq.com/x/136506/Crime/Secondary+Liability+In+The+Criminal+Law - Perry, David, United Kingdom, Secondary Liability In The Criminal Law
http://www.oldsquare.co.uk/pdf_articles/3100178.pdf - Rose, Paul T., Vicarious liability in tort in respect of deliberate wrongdoing
http://www.midwife.org/ACNM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000156/Booth_JMWH_52.2.pdf - Booth, Joseph W., An Update on Vicarious Liability for Certified Nurse-Midwives/Certified Midwives
Legislation
http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/ - German Civil Code
http://lexinter.net/ENGLISH/civil_code.htm - French Civil Code
Case law
https://sites.google.com/site/robbieslawtrust00/echr-s-ruling-in-the-case-of-robbie-powell - case of Powell against UK
Publications
Bergkamp, Lucas, 2001, Netherlands, Liability and environment, Kluwer Law International
Wilde, Mark, 2001, Netherlands, Civil liability for environmental damage, Kluwer Law International
Gruner, Richard S., 2007, New York, Corporate criminal liability and prevention, Law Journal Press
Clarkson, C. M. V., Cunningham, Sally, 2008, USA, Criminal liability for non-aggressive death, Ashgate
Giliker, Paula, 2009, New York, Vicarious liability in tort – a comparative perspective, Cambridge University Press
Braffet, James Harvey, 1924, California, Vicarious Liability and the Family Purpose Doctrine, University of California
Faure, Michael, 2009, UK, Tort Law and Economics, Cheltenham